Chronicles of Biomedical Sciences
type: channel
description: The journal focuses on publishing high-quality research and reviews across a wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, immunology, pharmacology, epidemiology, and public health. It aims to provide an interdisciplinary platform for scholars, researchers, and professionals to share knowledge and advancements in these critical fields. In biology, the journal covers diverse topics such as cell biology, molecular biology, genetics, microbiology, and evolutionary biology, offering insights into fundamental life processes. The immunology section includes cutting-edge research on immune responses, autoimmune diseases, vaccinology, and innovative immunotherapy approaches. Pharmacology is a key area of focus, with emphasis on drug discovery, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical trials, and toxicology, highlighting advancements in therapeutic solutions and medication safety. The journal also prioritizes epidemiology, addressing disease outbreaks, public health surveillance, health statistics, and the identification of risk factors that influence population health. A strong commitment to public health is evident through the promotion of studies on preventive medicine, global health initiatives, health policies, health promotion, and disease prevention strategies. The journal also explores emerging fields such as biopharmaceuticals, bioinformatics, translational medicine, genomics, proteomics, nanomedicine, systems biology, and environmental health. With its interdisciplinary approach, the journal bridges the gap between basic research and practical applications, fostering collaboration among scientists and practitioners. By focusing on innovative methods and solutions, the journal contributes to advancements in healthcare, disease management, and the improvement of global health outcomes. This description reflects the scope of the journal and ensures optimal visibility in search engines, enhancing discoverability and accessibility for researchers worldwid…
publisher: Sk Publishers
language: en
publication name: Chronicles of Biomedical Sciences
issn: 3065-923X
items: Exploring Quality of Life across Academic Years among MBBS Students: An Online Cross-Sectional Survey
items: Revolutionizing Diagnostics with Artificial Intelligence: Current Innovations, Challenges, and Future Horizons
items: A Review of the Development of Vaccines for Newly Developing Infectious Illnesses
items: Assessment of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Contamination in Diverse Drinking Water Sources: Implications for Water Safety and AMR Control Strategies
items: Cellular Senescence as a Barrier to Tissue Engineering
items: A Regional Sweep of the Effects of Covid-19 on Students in Gujranwala: The Adverse Effects of Online Education System
items: In Silico Characterization and Structural Validation of VP39 Methyltransferase as a Potential Antiviral Target against Monkeypox Virus
items: Hepatotoxic Effect of Combined Exposure of Arsenic and Microplastics on Labeo Rohita: An In-Vivo Experimental Study
items: In-silico Analysis of Potential Phytochemicals against VP39 Methyltransferase of Monkeypox virus
items: Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Herbal Extracts: Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential
items: Mechanisms, Dissemination, Determinants, and Alternate Strategies for Addressing Antibiotic Activity and Resistance
items: Heavy Metal Exposure and Immune Dysfunction: Mechanistic Pathways in Humans and Animals
items: Addressing and Battling the Rising Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance
items: Early Skin-To-Skin Contact for Mothers and Their Healthy Newborn Infants
items: Perspectives on Patterns of Metastatic Breast Cancer in Punjab Pakistan
items: Hepatitis C and Typhoid Co-Epidemics in Covid-19 Era in Lahore, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Research to Rule out Probable Relationelation
items: Staphylococcus aureus and Atopic Dermatitis: A Complex and Evolving Association
items: Importance of Ethical Decision Making: In Perspective of Case Scenario of a Pregnant Woman
items: Charting New Paths: Standard Growth Charts for Pakistani Children (6-24 Months) using Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Data
items: Knowledge Attitude and Practices about Typhoid Fever in Adolescents and Adults of Islamabad Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study
items: Sociodemographic Factors and Oral Health Knowledge and Practices of Parents of Primary School Students
items: Hepatitis C and Typhoid Co-epidemics in COVID-19 Era in Lahore, Pakistan: A Cross-sectional Research to Rule out Probable Relation
items: Patterns of Metastatic Breast Cancer in Punjab Pakistan
items: Biosafety Biosecurity and Hospital Waste Management: Where do We Stand in Pakistan?
items: The Revolutionary Intersection of AI and Healthcare: Embracing ChatGPT with Caution
items: Association of Interleukin-13 and Toll-like Receptor-2 Polymorphisms with Lymphoma Susceptibility: A Case-Control Study from Islamabad Pakistan
items: Revised Nomenclature for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
items: Greetings on the Successful One-Year Publication of Chronicles of Biomedical Sciences
items: In Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Properties of Various Hand Sanitizers
items: Insights into the Current Smog Episode in Punjab: Air Pollution and Health Crisis

Exploring Quality of Life across Academic Years among MBBS Students: An Online Cross-Sectional Survey
type: item
description: Background: Medical education is demanding and often detrimental to students’ quality of life (QoL), especially in developing countries like Pakistan. Medical students frequently report elevated stress levels, disrupted sleep, and reduced physical and mental well-being, particularly in the initial years of training. Objective: To assess the QoL of medical students across all five years of MBBS education and to identify key trends and challenges in their well-being. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over three months (April–July 2024) at Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 283 students (1st to 5th year) participated through purposive sampling. Data was collected using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire distributed via Google Forms. QoL was evaluated across six domains: demographic data, general QoL, physical health, psychological well-being, social relationships, and physical activity/mental health. Results: First-year students reported the lowest satisfaction in health status (33.7%), sleep (24.3%), and physical fitness (20.3%), compared to higher satisfaction levels in final-year students (47.5%, 50%, and 32.5% respectively). Extreme academic stress was most prevalent in 2nd (42.6%) and 4th years (44.6%), with 3rd-year students showing the least stress (19.6%). Final-year students demonstrated greater energy, self-satisfaction, and fewer negative emotions, while the 2nd year showed notably low satisfaction with living conditions. Conclusion: QoL generally improves from the first to the final year of medical education. Early-year students face the most significant challenges, indicating a need for targeted institutional support to mitigate stress and enhance well-being throughout the academic journey.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Academic stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Medical students
  topic: keywords
subject: Mental Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Quality of life
  topic: keywords
creator: Tehreem Rauf
creator: Aamna Akhtar
creator: Sundas Farhat
creator: Zoya Almas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-01
publication date: 2025-08-01
starting page: PID59
ending page: PID59

Revolutionizing Diagnostics with Artificial Intelligence: Current Innovations, Challenges, and Future Horizons
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the landscape of medical diagnostics, offering unprecedented accuracy, speed, and efficiency in disease detection and decision-making. From image-based analysis in radiology and pathology to predictive analytics in genomics and personalized medicine, AI technologies, particularly machine learning and deep learning, are being increasingly integrated into clinical workflows. These innovations have shown promise in enhancing diagnostic precision, reducing human error, and improving patient outcomes across a wide spectrum of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular conditions, and infectious diseases. Despite these advancements, the integration of AI into healthcare faces several challenges. Concerns around data privacy, model transparency, algorithmic bias, and clinical validation must be addressed to ensure ethical and reliable deployment. Furthermore, the lack of standardized protocols, regulatory frameworks, and interdisciplinary collaboration hinders the seamless adoption of AI in routine diagnostics. This paper explores the current state of AI in diagnostics, highlights ground-breaking applications already in use, and discusses key limitations that need to be overcome. It also offers insight into future prospects, including explainable AI, integration with wearable technologies, and the potential for AI to support real-time decision-making in point-of-care settings. With continued innovation and responsible implementation, AI holds the potential to revolutionize diagnostic medicine and redefine the future of healthcare.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Life sciences
  topic: category
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinical Decision
  topic: keywords
subject: Healthcare Innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: Medical Diagnostics
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
creator: Aima Ali
creator: Muhammad Qasim Akram
creator: Prof Farhan Rasheed
creator: Ahsan Ali
creator: Iqra Jamil
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-01
publication date: 2025-08-01
starting page: PID58
ending page: PID58

A Review of the Development of Vaccines for Newly Developing Infectious Illnesses
type: item
description: The emergence and rapid spread of newly developing infectious illnesses, exemplified by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has highlighted the critical need for efficient vaccine development and deployment strategies. Historical and recent outbreaks, including dengue, cholera, typhoid, Ebola, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), demonstrate the persistent global vulnerability to emerging pathogens, exacerbated by urbanization, globalization, and inadequate public health infrastructures. Vaccine development faces numerous challenges, from virus surveillance and pharmacovigilance to ensuring equitable access, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Traditional vaccine development pathways, often spanning 5-10 years, are inadequate during pandemics, necessitating rapid-response platforms like mRNA and DNA technologies. The unprecedented speed of COVID-19 vaccine development, achieving initial efficacy trials within 300 days, reflects the success of collaborative global efforts, advanced platforms, and funding mechanisms such as CEPI and COVAX. Despite these advancements, hurdles remain in regulatory harmonization, manufacturing scalability, supply chain logistics, and vaccine acceptance. Lessons learned from COVID-19 emphasize the importance of flexible vaccine platforms, proactive investment in research and infrastructure, and global coordination to mitigate future pandemics. Vaccine-induced herd immunity, non-inferiority trials against approved vaccines, and considerations of equitable distribution are essential for comprehensive public health benefits. Standardizing labelling, tracking vaccine safety, and implementing no-fault compensation mechanisms are pivotal in fostering public trust. Ultimately, an integrated approach involving scientists, regulators, health authorities, and funders is imperative to streamline vaccine development and ensure timely and fair access in the face of evolving infectious threats
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: COVID-19 Vaccines
  topic: keywords
subject: Emerging Diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Global Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Technology Platforms
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaccines
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Muddassir
creator: Ayesha Sajjad
creator: Sami-Ur-Rehman
creator: Sadaf Munir
creator: Sohaib Danyaal
creator: Muddassir Ahmed
creator: Muhammad Hesham Yahya
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-01
publication date: 2025-08-01
starting page: PID57
ending page: PID57

Assessment of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Contamination in Diverse Drinking Water Sources: Implications for Water Safety and AMR Control Strategies
type: item
description: Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global public health threat, particularly through environmental routes like drinking water. In low- and middle-income countries, contamination of water sources with antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) is exacerbated by inadequate sanitation and unregulated antibiotic use. Objective: To assess the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of bacteria in various drinking water sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using 30 drinking water samples from tap, filtered, and bottled water. Microbiological analysis included membrane filtration and pour plate methods. Bacterial identification involved Gram staining, biochemical tests, and Analytical Profile Index (API) kits. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method with interpretation per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Bacterial contamination was found in 70% of samples, highest in tap water (90%). Common isolates included Escherichia coli (35.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.1%), and Staphylococcus aureus (20.8%). High resistance was observed to ampicillin (80.2%) and tetracycline (70.1%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was identified in 62.5% of isolates, with tap water showing the highest MDR frequency (72.7%). Conclusion: The widespread presence of ARB, especially MDR strains, in drinking water underscores the urgent need for improved water treatment, routine monitoring, and stringent regulation of antibiotic use. These interventions are critical to mitigating AMR risks and ensuring safe water access.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Antimicrobial resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Contamination
  topic: keywords
subject: Drinking water
  topic: keywords
subject: Multidrug-resistant bacteria
  topic: keywords
subject: Waterborne pathogens
  topic: keywords
creator: Hafiza Amina Rafiq
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-01
publication date: 2025-08-01
starting page: PID56
ending page: PID56

Cellular Senescence as a Barrier to Tissue Engineering
type: item
description: In vitro tissue regeneration requires the expansion of cells in a monolayer culture over extended periods to obtain sufficient cell numbers. However, prolonged monolayer culture conditions often induce cellular senescence, a state characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest in response to various stressors such as oxidative damage, telomere shortening, and DNA damage. Cellular senescence was historically regarded as an in vitro artifact, it is now recognized as a critical biological process implicated in aging, tissue remodeling, and the pathogenesis of chronic diseases including osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer [1]. Senescent cells may play beneficial roles in acute wound healing3 by modulating inflammation and tissue remodeling, however, their accumulation during in vitro expansion is detrimental to tissue engineering applications. This is primarily due to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which involves the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can propagate senescence to neighboring cells and compromise regenerative potential [2]. There is growing interest in developing strategies to either prevent the onset of senescence or selectively target and eliminate senescent cells to enhance regenerative outcomes and improve therapeutic efficacy. During in vitro monolayer expansion, cells may undergo senescence via two primary mechanisms: telomerase-dependent and telomerase-independent8 pathways. Telomerase-dependent senescence is driven by progressive telomere shortening, ultimately triggering replicative exhaustion and causes cell cycle arrest. In contrast, telomerase-independent senescence arises from extrinsic or intrinsic signals, such as oxidative damage, oncogenic signals, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This form of senescence is predominantly regulated by canonical pathways, including the p53/p21and p16/Rb pathways, which also enforce irreversible cell cycle arrest [3]. Recent studies have expan…
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Life sciences
  topic: category
subject: Senescence
  topic: keywords
subject: SASP
  topic: keywords
subject: Senolytics
  topic: keywords
subject: Stem cells
  topic: keywords
subject: Tissue engineering
  topic: keywords
creator: Sajjad Ashraf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-01
publication date: 2025-08-01
starting page: PID55
ending page: PID55

A Regional Sweep of the Effects of Covid-19 on Students in Gujranwala: The Adverse Effects of Online Education System
type: item
description: Background: COVID-19 pandemic disrupted traditional education worldwide, necessitating a sudden transition to online learning. In Pakistan, particularly in Gujranwala, this shift posed challenges due to limited digital infrastructure, lack of training, and reduced student motivation. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of online education system during the COVID-19 pandemic on the academic performance, adaptability, and satisfaction levels of students in Gujranwala. Methods: A quantitative descriptive design was employed. A stratified random sample of 102 students from intermediate to postgraduate levels, who had experienced both traditional and online education between 2020 and 2021, was surveyed using a 16-item structured Google Forms questionnaire. Secondary data were obtained from BISE Gujranwala to compare academic performance before and after the pandemic. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 30. Results: Findings revealed mixed reactions to online education. While 33.3% found it moderately feasible, only 23.5% expressed satisfaction. A majority (55.9%) found it easy to resume pre-pandemic learning, indicating resilience. However, academic data showed a drop in pass percentages post-pandemic: HSSC-1 results declined from 45.79% (2018) to 38.48% (2022), and HSSC-2 from 58.25% (2019) to 56.11% (2023), indicating diminished academic outcomes. Conclusion: Online education during the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affected student performance and satisfaction in Gujranwala. However, it also underscored the potential of hybrid models, prompting the need for blended learning strategies, improved digital infrastructure, and teacher training for future resilience.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: Education Distance
  topic: keywords
subject: Measurement
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Students
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Hesham Yahya
creator: M. Anser Akram
creator: Salman Badar
creator: Ahsan Sajjad
creator: Hasnat Ahmed
creator: Ahmed Latif
creator: Furqan
creator: Saad Amjad
creator: Ahmad Basirat
creator: Maria Muddassir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-01
publication date: 2025-08-01
starting page: PID54
ending page: PID54

In Silico Characterization and Structural Validation of VP39 Methyltransferase as a Potential Antiviral Target against Monkeypox Virus
type: item
description: Background: Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic double-stranded DNA virus of the Poxviridae family. With increasing global outbreaks, especially the 2022 epidemic, MPXV has emerged as a public health concern. Despite its threat, no specific antiviral drugs have been approved. The viral protein VP39 methyltransferase (MTase) plays a vital role in immune evasion, mRNA capping, and viral replication, making it a promising therapeutic target. Objective: To analyze and validate the 3D structure and physiochemical properties of VP39 MTase (PDB ID: 8cer) to evaluate its potential as a drug target for anti-MPXV therapies. Methods: The 3D crystal structure of VP39 MTase was retrieved from the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) Protein Data Bank. Structural validation was performed using Error Recognition and Analysis Tool (ERRAT), verify 3D, and PROCHECK via the SAVES v6.1 server. Physiochemical characteristics were assessed using the ExPASy ProtParam tool. Results: The ERRAT analysis revealed a 94.39% overall quality factor. Verify 3D indicated 74.91% of residues had an averaged 3D-1D score ≥ 0.1. The Ramachandran plot showed 93.5% of residues in the most favored regions. The protein has a molecular weight of 38.89 kDa, theoretical pI of 9.47, GRAVY score of -0.395, and an aliphatic index of 88.65, suggesting it is hydrophilic and thermostable. Conclusion: VP39 MTase demonstrates strong structural validity and favorable physiochemical properties, supporting its role as a potential drug target for MPXV. These findings justify further in vitro, in vivo, and molecular dynamics studies for antiviral drug development.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Antiviral agents
  topic: keywords
subject: Methyltransferase
  topic: keywords
subject: Molecular docking
  topic: keywords
subject: Monkeypox virus
  topic: keywords
subject: Protein structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Simulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Rana Mateen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-01
publication date: 2025-08-01
starting page: PID53
ending page: PID53

Hepatotoxic Effect of Combined Exposure of Arsenic and Microplastics on Labeo Rohita: An In-Vivo Experimental Study
type: item
description: Background: Arsenic (As) is one of major environmental toxicants that adversely affect living organisms. Microplastics (MPs) are small plastic particles that are hazardous because they may be toxic or conjugate with some toxic elements. Objective: The present research was conducted to assess whether the treatment of As with polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) enhance their toxic effects on the hepatic tissues of Labeo rohita. Methods: The experiment was conducted at Government College University, Faisalabad, using 85 healthy Labeo rohita (average 8.91 cm, 7.3 g). Fish were acclimatized and randomly divided into four groups i.e., control group, As treatment group (4.05mgL−1), PS-MPs treatment group (1mgL−1), and As (4.05mgL−1) plus PSMPs (1mgL−1) combined treatment group for 21 days. Blood and liver samples were collected post-treatment for hematological, antioxidant, hepatic, and inflammatory analyses. Enzymatic activities and biomarkers were measured using standard biochemical methods. Results: Exposure to As and PS-MPs, especially their combination, significantly reduced RBCs and hemoglobin, increased WBCs, and suppressed antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GST). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were elevated, indicating oxidative stress. Liver enzymes (ALT, AST) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) were significantly higher in the As+PS-MPs group compared to individual treatments or control. Conclusion: Co-exposure to As and PS-MPs caused severe hematological, oxidative, hepatic, and inflammatory disturbances in L. rohita. Their combined toxicity was greater than individual exposures, indicating a synergistic effect that may lead to pronounced liver damage and physiological dysfunction.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Life sciences
  topic: category
subject: Arsenic
  topic: keywords
subject: Microplastics
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxidative stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Hematology
  topic: keywords
creator: Saima Yasin
creator: Amina Mustafa
creator: Ayesha Tariq
creator: Munazza Hashim
creator: Sania
creator: Hira Shahzadi
creator: Ghosia Noreen
creator: Ayesha Ghafoor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-15
publication date: 2025-05-15
starting page: PID52
ending page: PID52

In-silico Analysis of Potential Phytochemicals against VP39 Methyltransferase of Monkeypox virus
type: item
description: Background: Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic orthopoxvirus, has emerged as a global health concern, especially after the 2022 outbreak. Despite the rising prevalence, no drug has been specifically designed to treat MPXV. The VP39 methyltransferase (MTase) plays a vital role in mRNA capping, assisting the virus in immune evasion and replication, making it a promising antiviral target. Objectives: This study aimed to identify natural phytochemical inhibitors against VP39 MTase of MPXV using computational drug discovery techniques, including molecular docking and density functional theory (DFT). Methods: The crystal structure of VP39 MTase (PDB ID: 8cer) was obtained and validated using ERRAT, Verify3D, and PROCHECK. A total of 17,967 phytochemicals from the IMPPAT 2.0 database were screened based on ADMET properties and drug-likeness rules (Lipinski’s and Veber’s). Ninety-six compounds passed these filters and were docked using AutoDock Vina. The top ten ligands with the lowest binding energies were selected for further analysis, including interaction profiling and DFT evaluation to determine their chemical reactivity. Results: The VP39 MTase structure was verified to be of high quality, with 93.5% of residues in the most favored regions. Among the 96 screened compounds, Hispidin (PubChem ID: 54685921) showed the lowest binding energy (-7.6 kcal/mol). Interaction analysis revealed multiple favorable interactions with active site residues. DFT analysis demonstrated a low HOMO-LUMO energy gap (ΔE = 0.12726 eV), suggesting high reactivity and potential as an effective inhibitor. Conclusion: Hispidin emerged as a potent phytochemical candidate against VP39 MTase, showing strong binding affinity and favorable electronic properties. These findings provide a promising basis for further in vitro, in vivo, and molecular dynamics studies to develop novel anti-MPXV therapies
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Life sciences
  topic: category
subject: In-silico study
  topic: keywords
subject: Monkeypox virus (MPXV))
  topic: keywords
subject: VP39 Methyltransferase (MTase)
  topic: keywords
subject: molecular docking
  topic: keywords
subject: Density functional theory (DFT)
  topic: keywords
creator: Aiman Aftab
creator: Rana Mateen
creator: Muhammad Sohail Afzal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-15
publication date: 2025-05-15
starting page: PID51
ending page: PID51

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Herbal Extracts: Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential
type: item
description: Bioactive compounds mostly with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that found in herbal extracts, have acknowledged for their various medicinal benefits. Herbal extracts have the ability to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine, and abundant in bioactive substances like flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids, fight inflammation and oxidative stress in one of the two important elements in the etiology of chronic liver diseases like alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cellular damage results from oxidative stress brought on by drugs, alcohol, and environmental contaminants that throw off the equilibrium of important enzymes like superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase. In addition to restoring these enzymes function, herbal antioxidants also lessen inflammation and lipid peroxidation. In both acute and chronic states, several substances, including curcumin, betaine, and l-theanine, exhibit hepatoprotective properties. Potentially useful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of herbal extracts could pave the way for plant-based, natural remedies for the management and prevention of chronic diseases. Bioactive substances, like carotenoids and polyphenols, have demonstrated anti-atherosclerosis, cancer prevention, and rejuvenation properties. Various compounds and chemicals contribute to synthetic antioxidants and enhance the production of functional foods with potential medicinal uses. Furthermore, the solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic potential of herbal extracts greatly increased when they are included into nanoparticle delivery systems. This collaboration between technology and nature creates new, less harmful treatment options for inflammatory and oxidative diseases. The use of these phytomedicines' therapeutic potential in a better way, more studies and standardization are required.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Life sciences
  topic: category
subject: Herbal extracts
  topic: keywords
subject: Anti-oxidants
  topic: keywords
subject: Bioactive components
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
creator: Zarnab Ahmed
creator: Mnahil Baig
creator: Laraib Naseeb Khan
creator: Rabiya Latif
creator: Komal Ajmal
creator: Jamila Fatima
creator: Ayesha Aslam
creator: Nadia Ikram
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-01
publication date: 2025-08-01
starting page: PID50
ending page: PID50

Mechanisms, Dissemination, Determinants, and Alternate Strategies for Addressing Antibiotic Activity and Resistance
type: item
description: The use of antibiotics is a commonly used therapeutic approach for the treatment of bacterial diseases in a variety of fields, such as human health, agriculture, cattle breeding, and fish aquaculture. How well antibiotics work depends on four different mechanisms of action, each of which is covered in detail in this review. Antibiotic resistance has become a major obstacle to treating bacterial illnesses, notwithstanding its effectiveness. Antibiotics are no longer effective because bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms against them. There are several ways that antibiotic resistance can develop among bacteria, making previously vulnerable microorganisms resistant to antibiotics. The abuse of antibiotics by humans is one of several causes contributing to the growing antibiotic resistance dilemma. Alternative strategies put forth to lessen the escalation of antibiotic resistance are also highlighted in this review.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: antibiotics
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial
  topic: keywords
subject: antibiotic resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: bacteria
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Muddassir
creator: Wajeeha Shozeb
creator: Ayesha Sajjad
creator: Sadaf Munir
creator: Ahmad Basirat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-15
publication date: 2025-05-15
starting page: PID49
ending page: PID49

Heavy Metal Exposure and Immune Dysfunction: Mechanistic Pathways in Humans and Animals
type: item
description: In the past few years, contamination of the environment by heavy metals has emerged as a significant global issue. Heavy metals comprise a category of metals and metalloids with an atomic density above 4,000 kg m-3. Heavy metals, including Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), and Lead (Pb), are found in the biota. These metals, referred to as traces, are crucial for numerous metabolic activities in organisms such as animals, plants, and microbes. Heavy metals can enter the human body through the use of contaminated drinking water or the ingestion of soil or crops cultivated on polluted land. Heavy metals, including lead, mercury, cadmium, and copper, are cumulative toxins that pose environmental risks and are known to be very harmful. These metals are significant contributors to oxidative stress within cells and play a crucial role in the etiology of various human illnesses, including carcinogenesis. Exposure to heavy metal toxicity results in neurological impairment, intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, lung carcinoma, gastrointestinal disorders, dermatitis, and fetal demise. Numerous metals have been demonstrated to directly alter and/or impair DNA by creating DNA adducts that provoke chromosomal breakage. The unregulated access to the dumpsite allows scavengers to forage for raw materials daily, most of which ultimately reenters neighborhoods as animal feed and even human sustenance. Feral chickens, pigs, goats, dogs, and cats traverse the dumpsite, consuming hazardous waste and becoming carriers of bugs and parasites, which are subsequently transmitted to nearby residences, so inducing diseases in both animals and humans.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Life sciences
  topic: category
subject: Heavy metals
  topic: keywords
subject: Neurological impairments
  topic: keywords
subject: DNA damage
  topic: keywords
subject: Gastrointestinal disorders
  topic: keywords
creator: Quratulann Sattar
creator: Zarnab Ahmed
creator: Rabia
creator: Hafsa Ashfaq
creator: Ghosia Noreen
creator: Mnahil Baig
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: PID48
ending page: PID48

Addressing and Battling the Rising Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance
type: item
description: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become one of the biggest concerns to world health in recent decades. AMR, a phenomenon where bacteria, fungi, and other microbes adapt to survive the medications that originally killed them, has long been a source of concern for the World Health Organization (WHO). The capacity to cure infections with antibiotics and antifungals, which was once a major medical breakthrough, is now in danger of going extinct [1]. The Rise of AMR: A Global Crisis AMR affects individuals of all ages worldwide and transcends national boundaries. Once-treatable infections become once again life-threatening as bacteria develop resistance to therapy. Deadly infections could result from even modest surgery, cancer treatments, or organ transplants. Millions of lives are already at risk each year due to the advent of resistant strains of illnesses, including pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and tuberculosis, and the problem is only getting worse [2]. The CDC estimates that every year, around 3 million people in the US alone become infected with drug-resistant germs, which results in over 35,000 fatalities [3]. The situation is significantly worse in low- and middle-income nations, where access to healthcare, especially necessary antibiotics, is more restricted. Misuse of antibiotics, poor diagnostics, and subpar or fake drugs all contribute to the spread of resistant microbes. However, the overuse and abuse of antibiotics in agriculture and human health contribute significantly to the issue, especially in high-income nations. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have flourished due to the overprescription of antibiotics for viral diseases that they cannot cure and the use of antibiotics in animals to stimulate growth rather than only treat disease [4]. The Silent, Yet Destructive, Consequence of Overuse The overuse and abuse of antibiotics are the main causes of AMR. Antibiotics are frequently prescribed without question for viral illnesses such as the flu or …
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Antimicrobial Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Infectious
  topic: keywords
subject: Microbial
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Muddassir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: PID47
ending page: PID47

Early Skin-To-Skin Contact for Mothers and Their Healthy Newborn Infants
type: item
description: The problem of the study looks to be related with the nursing but it is more significant to the change in social norms of the societies and more significant to the social behaviors and their impact on next generation. Purpose of conducting the research was well explained and idea was taken from animal studies which presented innate behaviors of newborns are shown to be dependent on the habitat and compulsory for their survival .
subject: Short Review
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Skin-to-Skin Contact
  topic: keywords
subject: Maternal Behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Infant
  topic: keywords
subject: Newborn
  topic: keywords
subject: Breastfeeding
  topic: keywords
subject: Mother-Child Relations
  topic: keywords
creator: Tahmina Bano
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: PID46
ending page: PID46

Perspectives on Patterns of Metastatic Breast Cancer in Punjab Pakistan
type: item
description: Dear Editor, I am writing to express my appreciation for the recently published article titled "Patterns of Metastatic Breast Cancer in Punjab, Pakistan" by Khurram et al. in Chronicles of Biomedical Sciences [1]. The study provides significant insights into the metastatic patterns of breast cancer in the region, a subject of paramount importance given the high prevalence and late-stage diagnosis of the disease in Pakistan. The authors' efforts in compiling and analyzing a large dataset from a tertiary oncology center are commendable. Their meticulous use of histopathological grading, TNM staging, and immunohistochemistry markers (ER, PR, HER2/neu) strengthens the reliability of their findings. The study successfully highlights the alarming frequency of late-stage breast cancer diagnoses in Pakistan and the crucial role of proliferative biomarkers in disease progression. The finding that stage 2 and grade 2 tumors exhibited the highest biomarker expression is particularly noteworthy, underscoring the need for targeted early intervention strategies. The integration of ECOG performance status in correlation with TNM staging adds an additional layer of clinical relevance. However, while the study effectively presents its data, a few critical points warrant further discussion. First, the retrospective nature of the study, coupled with its reliance on hospital-based data, may introduce selection bias, potentially underestimating cases that remain undiagnosed in community settings. A broader, population-based approach could further strengthen the findings. Additionally, the study briefly touches on the late presentation of patients but does not delve into sociocultural factors, which likely play a pivotal role in delayed diagnoses. Future research incorporating patient awareness, healthcare accessibility, and socioeconomic determinants could provide a more comprehensive understanding of this issue. Another important aspect that could enhance this study is the consideratio…
subject: Letter To Editor
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Metastatic Breast Cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Patterns
  topic: keywords
subject: Punjab Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Survival Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Prof. Abbas Khokhar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: PID45
ending page: PID45

Hepatitis C and Typhoid Co-Epidemics in Covid-19 Era in Lahore, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Research to Rule out Probable Relationelation
type: item
description: Background: Infectious diseases, such as typhoid and hepatitis, alone pose significant challenges to public health in Pakistan. However, when they co-occur with COVID-19, they can intensify health complications and worsen overall outcomes. Objective: To determine the prevalence of typhoid or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with COVID-19. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, demographic data and blood specimens were collected from 199 randomly selected COVID-19 patients hospitalized at a private hospital in Lahore. D-dimer, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, as well as typhoid and HCV quick diagnostic tests were determined. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Gender segregation of 199 patients revealed that 55% of COVID-19 patients were male and 45% were female. CRP and D-Dimer levels were increased in 132 (66.33%) patients, whereas serum ferritin levels were increased in 92 (46.23%) individuals. Typhoid was detected in 71 out of 199 patients, with 13 (18.3%) patients testing positive for IgM and 58 (81.7 %) patients testing positive for both IgM and IgG. D-dimer, CRP, and ferritin levels were elevated in COVID-19 patients with typhoid co-infection. Additionally, they were positively linked with age in COVID-19 patients with concurrent typhoid illness, with statistical significance (p<0.05). Similarly, 45 (22.6 %) of patients tested positive for HCV, although the results were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Typhoid is frequent, while HCV seropositivity is low in COVID-19 patients. As patients’ age, D-dimer, ferritin, and CRP levels increase concurrently with disease severity and are strongly linked with one another.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Hepatitis C
  topic: keywords
subject: Typhoid
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: Co-epidemics
  topic: keywords
subject: Lahore Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayesha Ayub
creator: Hafsa Ahmed
creator: Muhammad Khurram
creator: Muhammad Sohail Afzal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: PID44
ending page: PID44

Staphylococcus aureus and Atopic Dermatitis: A Complex and Evolving Association
type: item
description: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with pruritus and epidermal barrier dysfunction. A key contributor to AD pathogenesis is Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which colonizes the skin of affected individuals, exacerbating disease severity through toxin production and immune dysregulation. The microbiota of AD patients is significantly altered, with a reduction in microbial diversity and antimicrobial peptides, leading to an imbalance favoring S. aureus. The bacterium disrupts epidermal integrity, induces inflammasome activation, and promotes apoptosis, further worsening the inflammatory response. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) colonization poses a significant challenge in managing AD due to antibiotic resistance. Multiple factors contribute to S. aureus dominance in AD skin, including genetic predisposition, altered immune responses, and environmental triggers. Th2/Th17 cytokine profiles are elevated in AD patients, leading to increased susceptibility to microbial invasion and inflammation. Filaggrin mutations, a common genetic trait in AD, further compromise the skin barrier, facilitating bacterial colonization. Treatment strategies include topical and systemic antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, microbiome transplantation, and bacteriophage therapy. However, antibiotic resistance necessitates novel therapeutic approaches, such as targeting virulence factors, modulating immune responses, and restoring microbiome balance. Recent studies emphasize the role of commensal Staphylococcus species in protecting against S. aureus colonization, highlighting the potential of microbiome-based interventions. Future research should focus on developing targeted therapies that restore skin homeostasis while minimizing antibiotic resistance. Understanding the intricate relationship between S. aureus and AD will aid in refining treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Atopic Dermatitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Staphylococcus aureus
  topic: keywords
subject: Infection
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Skin Barrier
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Khurram
creator: Ghadir Ali
creator: Kainat Yaseen
creator: Isra Tariq
creator: Fiza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-16
publication date: 2025-06-16
starting page: PID43
ending page: PID43

Importance of Ethical Decision Making: In Perspective of Case Scenario of a Pregnant Woman
type: item
description: Healthcare organizations are complex environments where ethical decision-making is essential in clinical practice. Physicians, nurses, and paramedical staff frequently face situations requiring ethical choices, especially in critical cases like maternal health emergencies. Ethical decision-making not only ensures patient safety but also upholds institutional reputation while preventing legal and political complications. Preeclampsia, a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder, significantly contributes to maternal mortality, particularly in underdeveloped regions. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to reduce maternal mortality rates, yet challenges persist due to limited healthcare infrastructure. In this context, nurses play a crucial role in ensuring patient well-being, as their decisions directly influence outcomes. A case scenario highlights the impact of nursing negligence in a patient with preeclampsia. A full-term pregnant woman scheduled for a C-section suffered complications due to inadequate preoperative preparation by a night-shift nurse. The morning shift nurse identified the issue and initiated emergency care, preventing a fatal outcome. However, she faced unwarranted reprimands, raising ethical concerns about professional accountability. Rest’s Four-Component Model—moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation, and moral character—provides a framework for ethical decision-making. Nurses’ role in patient care necessitates recognition of their decision-making abilities. Addressing ethical dilemmas in healthcare requires institutional support, effective communication, and policies promoting professional integrity. Strengthening ethical education and workplace ethics is vital for improving patient outcomes and sustaining healthcare standards.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Case study
  topic: keywords
subject: Decision-making
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: Pregnancy
  topic: keywords
subject: Healthcare
  topic: keywords
creator: Rukhsana Kousar
creator: Rabia Bibi
creator: Zubaida Hanif
creator: Farkhanda Yasmin
creator: Tasleem Bibi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-01-31
publication date: 2025-01-31
starting page: PID42
ending page: PID42

Charting New Paths: Standard Growth Charts for Pakistani Children (6-24 Months) using Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Data
type: item
description: Background: Reliable growth charts are vital for child health monitoring, with chart development based on empirical data and statistical traits. The World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards are used to monitor children's growth worldwide. Recent studies emphasize the need for customized country-specific standards. In Pakistan, reference charts exist, but a standard chart for under-two children is absent due to financial constraints. Objective: This study employs the Novel Case Selection Method (NCSM) to derive variables from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) data for crafting growth charts for children aged 6 to 24 months. Methods: Employing NCSM along with an algorithm for age-appropriate complementary feeding, this study selects 6,085 cases from 28,256 (aged 6-24 months) MICS data, forming the basis for standard growth chart creation. Using GAMLSS models with RefCurve_0.4.2, three families (Box Cox Cole and Green, Box Cox Power Exponential, Box Cox T) and three smoothing techniques (cubic splines, penalized splines, polynomial splines) are compared based on criteria including global deviance, Akaike Information, and Bayesian Information. Two models each for Height-for-Age (H/A) and Weight-for-Age (W/A), categorized by gender, yield standard growth curves compared with WHO 2006 standards. Results: The study's NCSM, combined with considerations for complementary feeding and other WHO criteria, selects 6085 cases from MICS data with 28256 available. Optimal choices for male and female W/A, and female H/A curves are BCPE. Conversely, male H/A curves align with different parameters (BCT). The indigenous standard curves developed for Pakistan show distinct trajectories compared to WHO standards. Conclusion: The necessity of establishing indigenous pediatric growth standards is evident in the observed disparities with WHO standards. These disparities highlight the need for context-specific benchmarks to accurately assess nutritional status and growth in Pa…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Life sciences
  topic: category
subject: Child development
  topic: keywords
subject: Cluster Survey
  topic: keywords
subject: Growth charts
  topic: keywords
subject: Multiple Indicator
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistani children
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Aasim
creator: Sohail Chand
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-01-31
publication date: 2025-01-31
starting page: PID41
ending page: PID41

Knowledge Attitude and Practices about Typhoid Fever in Adolescents and Adults of Islamabad Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study
type: item
description: Background: Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella Typhi, is a major public health challenge in Pakistan, predominantly due to inadequate sanitation and contaminated food and water. While significant strides have been made in disease surveillance and hygiene promotion, gaps persist in public knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding its prevention and management. Objective: The study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices about typhoid fever in adolescents and adults living in Islamabad. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2020, involving 283 participants aged 15 and above. Data were collected through structured questionnaires encompassing socio-demographics, knowledge, attitude and hygiene practices. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS to identify correlations between variables. Results: Most respondents (93.3%) were aware of typhoid fever, yet only 63.3% understood its transmission routes. Hygiene practices were high, with 94.7% acknowledging the role of handwashing in food safety. However, gaps were noted in food handling behaviors, such as sanitizer usage (35.7%). Positive attitudes toward prevention were reflected by 92.2% of participants emphasizing proper cooking methods. Statistical analysis highlighted significant associations between hygiene practices and disease prevention. Conclusion: Despite high awareness and generally positive attitudes, inconsistencies in preventive practices underscore the need for enhanced public health education focusing on proper hygiene and food safety. Strengthening surveillance and targeted interventions could further reduce the burden of typhoid fever in Pakistan.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Fever
  topic: keywords
subject: Food safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Hygiene practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Typhoid
  topic: keywords
creator: Bisma Tariq
creator: Dr. Haroon Ahmed
creator: Dr. Shumaila Naz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-01-31
publication date: 2025-01-31
starting page: PID40
ending page: PID40

Sociodemographic Factors and Oral Health Knowledge and Practices of Parents of Primary School Students
type: item
description: Background: Enhancing parental education on oral health can lead to better hygiene practices and a decreased incidence of dental issues in children. Objective: To evaluate the association of sociodemographic factors of parents with their oral health knowledge and practices. Methods: The cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Tarhuna, Libya's central area from September 2023 to March 2024. Data (sociodemographic traits, dental health awareness, and attitudes toward oral health) were collected from 380 parents of primary school students using a structured questionnaire. SPSS v.26 was used for data analysis. Results: Most respondents were aged 29–40 years (43.4%), followed by 18–28 years (35.5%). A smaller proportion were aged 41–55 years (17.6%), and only 3.4% were above 55 years old. Male respondents made up 71.6% of the sample, while female respondents constituted 28.4%. Majority of respondents (32.9%) reported monthly incomes between 500 and 1000 Libyan dinars, with 1500–3000 dinars being the second most common range (31.6%). Awareness generally increased with age, with higher proportions in the "high awareness" category among the 29–40 and 41–55 groups. The parents had different views and substantial knowledge gaps on dental health, which were influenced by variables including income and educational attainment. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of culturally appropriate health communication strategies and educational programs that cater to the particular needs of the Libyan population.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Dental Health Awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral Hygiene Practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Parental Influence
  topic: keywords
subject: Sociodemographic Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Education Interventions
  topic: keywords
creator: Salah Farag Abdulsalam Farag
creator: Mohammed Baobaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-01-16
publication date: 2025-01-16
starting page: PID39
ending page: PID39

Hepatitis C and Typhoid Co-epidemics in COVID-19 Era in Lahore, Pakistan: A Cross-sectional Research to Rule out Probable Relation
type: item
description: Background: Infectious diseases including typhoid, tuberculosis, malaria, dengue, and hepatitis are widespread in Pakistan because of population growth, poverty and a lack of healthcare infrastructure. Their co-infection with COVID-19 can further worsen the disease. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of typhoid and HCV co-infection with COVID-19 in patients from Lahore Pakistan. Methods: The cross-sectional survey collected demographic data and blood specimens from 199 COVID-19 hospitalized patients at a private hospital in Lahore. D-dimer, ferritin, and CRP levels were determined qualitatively, as well as typhoid and HCV quick diagnostic tests. The Chi-square and Pearson correlation tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Gender distribution revealed that 55% of COVID-19 patients were male and 45% were female. CRP and D-dimer levels were increased in 132 (66.33%) patients, whereas serum ferritin levels were increased in 92 (46.23%) individuals. Typhoid was detected in 71 out of 199 patients, with 13 (18.3 percent) patients testing positive for IgM and 58 (81.7 %) patients testing positive for both IgM and IgG. D-dimer, CRP, and ferritin levels were elevated in COVID-19 patients with typhoid co-infection. Additionally, they were positively linked with age in COVID-19 patients with concurrent typhoid illness, with statistical significance (p<0.05). Similarly, 45 (22.6 %) of patients tested positive for HCV, although the results were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Typhoid was frequent among COVID-19 patients. Patients’ age, D-dimer, ferritin, and CRP levels increased concurrently with disease severity and were strongly linked with one another, despite low HCV seropositivity in COVID-19 patients.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Hepatitis C
  topic: keywords
subject: Typhoid Fever;
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: Co-infections
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayesha Ayub
creator: Hafsa Ahmed
creator: Muhammad Khurram
creator: Muhammad Sohail Afzal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-01-16
publication date: 2025-01-16
starting page: PID38
ending page: PID38

Patterns of Metastatic Breast Cancer in Punjab Pakistan
type: item
description: Background: Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer worldwide. It is uncontrollable growth of breast tissues or cells. In Pakistan, breast cancer cases show an increased number of metastasis due to late detection of cancer. Unawareness and carelessness about symptoms are the main causes of worse outcomes. Objective: To explore the metastatic patterns of breast cancer in patients from Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: A total of 296 Breast Cancer patient’s data were retrieved from Oncology Department INMOL Cancer Hospital Lahore from Feb. to Dec. 2019. Bloom-Richardson Histological grading systems were used for tumor grading. ER, PR, HER2/neu immunohistochemistry markers were evaluated. Correlations were assessed with different factors including patient sign & symptoms, SGTNM grading system, and ECOG score. SPSS was used to analyze data. Results: Stage 2 and grade 2 depicted the highest expression of ER, PR and Her2neu in the correlation of breast cancer stages with cancer receptor biomarkers. In correlation of TNM with breast cancer stages, 40.6% of patients have large tumors at stage 2, and 60% of patients have more lymph nodes that contain cancers at stage 2. The significance level of ECOG and grades was 0.015 while of ECOG and stages was 0.002, which shows its significant statistical importance. Conclusion: Breast cancer spreads and proliferates most in grade 2 or stage 2 and 3. During these stages, the proliferative receptors are overexpressed to support cancer spread, tumor size increases, lymph nodes swell up and metastasis is initiated.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Breast cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Metastasis
  topic: keywords
subject: Prognosis
  topic: keywords
subject: HER2
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Khurram
creator: Muhammad Sohail Afzal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-01-31
publication date: 2025-01-31
starting page: PID37
ending page: PID37

Biosafety Biosecurity and Hospital Waste Management: Where do We Stand in Pakistan?
type: item
description: The review explores the interconnected fields of biosafety, biosecurity and waste management emphasizing their critical roles in public health and environmental sustainability. Biosafety refers to measures preventing unintentional exposure to infectious agents, while biosecurity addresses the prevention of biological material misuse. Key elements include regulatory frameworks, advanced containment technologies, and international cooperation. Events like the COVID-19 pandemic and global initiatives such as polio eradication underscore the need for stringent biosafety and biosecurity measures, particularly in resource-limited settings like Pakistan. Emerging trends, such as synthetic biology and climate change, highlight evolving risks and necessitate updated protocols and governance. In parallel, waste management, especially hospital waste, is essential to mitigate risks to human health and ecosystems. Categories of waste range from general to hazardous, including infectious, radioactive, and e-waste. Current practices include waste segregation, recycling, incineration, and advanced disposal techniques. However, challenges such as plastic pollution, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient public participation persist globally. Case studies from countries like Sweden and India demonstrate innovative solutions like waste-to-energy systems and national awareness campaigns. The review advocates for integrating sustainable practices like the circular economy into waste management and enhancing biosafety measures through education, investment, and policy reform. Specific attention is given to Pakistan's challenges and progress, emphasizing international collaboration to address disparities. Future directions include leveraging smart technologies, fostering community involvement, and promoting robust governance to ensure safety and sustainability. Overall, the review highlights the urgent need for a comprehensive approach to managing biological risks and waste, balancin…
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Biosafety
  topic: keywords
subject: Biosecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: Hospital Waste Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Muna Malik
creator: Namra Yunus
creator: Hamid Rasul Niazi
creator: Urooj Ayub
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-01-31
publication date: 2025-01-31
starting page: PID36
ending page: PID36

The Revolutionary Intersection of AI and Healthcare: Embracing ChatGPT with Caution
type: item
description: Dear editor, Artificial Intelligence (AI) continues to redefine the contours of innovation, and its latest marvel, ChatGPT, stands as a transformative tool with profound implications in healthcare education, research, and practice. Developed by OpenAI, ChatGPT exemplifies the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate sophisticated, human-like responses across diverse contexts. While promising, its integration into healthcare warrants a nuanced exploration of its benefits and concerns [1]. ChatGPT is contributing to healthcare by leveraging its natural language processing and machine learning. One key area is clinical documentation, where it assists by automating the generation of patient notes, and medical reports, thereby reducing administrative burdens and allowing more time for patient care. It is acting as a virtual assistant to provide accurate and easily understandable health information. Patients can use it to ask questions about symptoms, medications, or treatment plans, ensuring they stay informed about their healthcare. Additionally, ChatGPT is also supporting diagnostics by analyzing large volumes of patient experimental data, including symptoms and medical histories, these applications highlight how ChatGPT may help to enhance patient care and support decision-making in healthcare. Bridging Gaps in Healthcare Education Healthcare education demands rigorous learning of vast information. ChatGPT emerges as a compelling ally, providing personalized, interactive learning experiences. Its capability to generate realistic clinical vignettes and simulate dynamic medical scenarios offers students practical insights beyond traditional methods. This approach aligns with modern pedagogical priorities, such as critical thinking and problem-based learning. Furthermore, ChatGPT can democratize learning by bridging linguistic barriers, enabling non-native English-speaking students to access high-quality content inclusively. Its potential as a tutor, offerin…
subject: Letter To Editor
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Healthcare,
  topic: keywords
subject: Medical Informatics
  topic: keywords
subject: Patient Safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Computer Communication Networks
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Tahir Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-01-31
publication date: 2025-01-31
starting page: PID35
ending page: PID35

Association of Interleukin-13 and Toll-like Receptor-2 Polymorphisms with Lymphoma Susceptibility: A Case-Control Study from Islamabad Pakistan
type: item
description: Background: Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine commonly associated with allergic disorders. Toll-like Receptor-2 (TLR-2) provides first line of defense against pathogens. IL-13 and TLR-2 are known to play roles in tumorigenesis and progression. Objectives: To investigate clinicopathological features of lymphomas and find the association of IL-13 2044G/A and TLR-2 Arg677Trp polymorphisms with lymphoma susceptibility. Methods: Total 85 lymphoma patients from Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute (NORI) Islamabad, and 90 controls were included in the study. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for the IL-13 gene after polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas Tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system (Tetra-ARMS) PCR for TLR-2 gene were performed on purified DNA extracted from blood. Results: Out of 85 lymphoma patients, 70.58% of cases were of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and 29.42% of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) type. Among NHL, diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was the prevalent subtype (80%), while Mix cellularity (MC) was the most prevailing HL type (88%). Genotype analysis of IL-13 2044G/A polymorphism demonstrated no association with lymphoma [χ2=2.86, P-value=0.23] as well as in the DLBCL group [χ2=3.141, P-value=0.201]. However, the analysis of allelic frequencies in DLBCL patients regarding IL-13 2044G/A polymorphism showed a significant association of A allele [χ2=4.6, p-value=0.03]. Similarly, no association of TLR-2 Arg677Trp polymorphism was found in lymphoma patients [χ2=0.51, P-value=0.43] and in DLBCL patients [χ2=0.02, P-value=0.87]. Conclusion: IL-13 and TLR-2 polymorphisms were not associated with lymphoma susceptibility. However, IL-13 polymorphism showed a one-fold risk for lymphoma.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: HL
  topic: keywords
subject: IL-13
  topic: keywords
subject: Lymphoma
  topic: keywords
subject: Polymorphism
  topic: keywords
subject: TLR-2
  topic: keywords
creator: Bibi Khadija
creator: Rani Faryal
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-28
publication date: 2024-12-28
starting page: PID34
ending page: PID34

Revised Nomenclature for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
type: item
description: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) refers to excessive accumulation of fat in the liver and is identified by the histological presence of steatosis in at least 5% of liver cells [1]. For decades, the term NAFLD has been used to refer to the liver conditions that are not caused by alcohol, causing misunderstandings and a lack of clarity in both clinical practice and patient education [2]. For these reasons, global hepatic societies developed and finalized a revised nomenclature for liver disease, which became available in June 2023. The key points are as follows: Steatotic Liver Disease (SLD) identified histologically or by imaging, is selected as a primary term to cover the various etiologies of steatosis [3]. The term Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) has been introduced to replace NAFLD. MASLD is defined as patients with hepatic steatosis (fatty liver) and at least one of five cardiometabolic risk factors. The five criteria for adults are as follows: Body mass index ≥25 Kg/m2, or Waist-circumference >94 cm for men and >80 cm for women. Fasting plasma glucose level ≥100 mg/dL, two-hour post-load glucose level ≥140 mg/dL, HbA1c level ≥5.7 %, type-2 diabetes, or treatment for type-2 diabetes Blood pressure level ≥130/85 mmHg, or specific antihypertensive drug treatment Serum triglycerides level ≥150 mg/dL, or lipid lowering treatment Serum HDL-Cholesterol level ≤40 mg/dL for men and ≤50 mg/dL for women, or lipid lowering treatment [4]. A new category, Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Alcohol-Related Liver Disease (MetALD), has been introduced to describe individuals who, in addition to having MASLD, consume significant amounts of alcohol (210 g/week for men and 140 g/week for women). The term Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH) has been introduced to replace Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). Individuals without metabolic parameters and no identifiable cause are termed Cryptogenic SLD [3]. The revised nomen…
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Lipids
  topic: keywords
subject: Liver disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Adnan
creator: Muhammad Kashif Munir
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-25
publication date: 2024-12-25
starting page: PID33
ending page: PID33

Greetings on the Successful One-Year Publication of Chronicles of Biomedical Sciences
type: item
description: Dear editor, I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing this letter to express my sincere congrats to you and your team for successful one-year publication of Chronicles of Biomedical Sciences (CBS) [1]. Additionally, I am thrilled to hear that the journal has already released four issues and is quickly becoming a respected resource in the research and academic worlds. I applaud your editorial team for taking the initiative to develop such a significant platform, and I think the idea of a multidisciplinary publication that combines Medical Sciences, Life Sciences, and Veterinary Sciences is a fantastic one. As everyone is aware, these domains are closely intertwined, and the lines separating them are getting increasingly blurred, particularly in sectors like biotechnology, infectious disease, molecular biology, and One Health. CBS has already had a big impact by creating a platform for research sharing across different fields, combining the extensive expertise of researchers, veterinarians, physicians, and policymakers in a way that can promote cooperation and creativity. The first year of any journal is a momentous milestone, thus it is really admirable to reach this point after releasing four successful issues. Your team's commitment and diligence are clear, especially considering the difficulties involved in starting a new journal in a cutthroat industry. Maintaining scientific rigor, while navigating the complexities of publication and drawing in top-notch submissions is not an easy task. Your accomplishment of these tasks is a testament to the knowledge and dedication of the editorial board, reviewers, and, of course, writers, whose work makes the journal what it is. The journal's extensive scope has already been demonstrated by the range of topics covered in the first few issues, which include veterinary research on zoonotic illnesses and animal health, genomics and biotechnology in the life sciences, and clinical research in human medicine. Fostering int…
subject: Letter To Editor
  topic: section
creator: Shahana Urooj Kazmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-01-31
publication date: 2025-01-31
starting page: PID32
ending page: PID32

In Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Properties of Various Hand Sanitizers
type: item
description: Background: Hand hygiene is vital in controlling the spread of infections in both hospital and community settings. This study evaluates the antimicrobial effectiveness of four hand sanitizers—Imported, Local chemical, Local herbal, and Multinational—against bacterial strains including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis. Objective: The objective was to determine the comparative efficacy of these products in an in-vitro environment. Methods: This in-vitro study employed the agar disk diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton agar to assess antimicrobial efficacy. Bacterial suspensions were standardized to McFarland 0.5 turbidity, and 50 μL of each sanitizer was introduced into pre-drilled agar wells. Sterile water served as the control. After 24 hours of incubation at 37°C, zones of inhibition were measured with a digital caliper. The results underwent statistical analysis using ANOVA and post hoc testing. Results: Imported exhibited the largest zones of inhibition, with mean diameters (in mm) significantly greater than the other sanitizers: Imported (22 ± 6), Local Herbal (7.7 ± 0.5), Local Chemical (9.5 ± 1.5), and Multinational (8 ± 1). The statistical significance of these differences was confirmed (P < 0.001). Among all products, Imported demonstrated the highest efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: Imported was the most effective hand sanitizer for maintaining hand hygiene, followed by Local Chemical, Multinational, and Local Herbal. This study highlights the critical need for regulatory oversight to ensure product claims align with verified antimicrobial performance.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Hand hygiene
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial agents
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacterial inhibition
  topic: keywords
subject: Sanitizer effectiveness
  topic: keywords
creator: Rida Munir
creator: Arooba Farooq
creator: Muhammad Zaid Salar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-23
publication date: 2024-12-23
starting page: PID31
ending page: PID31

Insights into the Current Smog Episode in Punjab: Air Pollution and Health Crisis
type: item
description: Background: Smog is a critical environmental issue, posing a significant threat to public health, air quality and urban sustainability. Punjab, the largest province of Pakistan by population, is facing severe environmental challenges due to smog and all major divisions of Punjab are affected by smog. Objective: To assess the impact of smog on the air quality parameters, and health and behavior of people in Punjab Methods: The cross-sectional analytical study covered a one-year period encompassing pre-smog and peak smog season in Punjab. Total 2000 residents of major cities of Punjab exposed to smog-related air pollution selected. Air quality and health outcomes assessed using a combination of Environmental Monitoring Points and Health Assessments. Bivariate regression employed to explore association between air quality indicators and health outcomes. Results: The concentrations of air quality indicators including particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), carbon monoxide, Sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide significantly increased in peak smog season (p<0.05), while a reduction was observed in Ozone concentration. Multan faced the highest problem of smog followed by Lahore and then other cities. The number of hospital admissions, cardiovascular incidents, respiratory symptoms score, and respiratory problems (asthma, bronchitis and COPD) elevated significantly (p<0.05). Moreover, public awareness to smog and use of masks significantly increased (p<0.05), while average time spent outdoors reduced markedly (p<0.05). Conclusions: Smog had a severe health impact in Punjab. Increased concentrations of air quality indicators has been linked with worsening of cardiovascular and respiratory conditions. Although public awareness about smog is increased, but more effective and sustainable methods to address the effects are still required.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Medical Science
  topic: category
subject: Smog
  topic: keywords
subject: Punjab
  topic: keywords
subject: Air quality indicators
  topic: keywords
subject: Pollution
  topic: keywords
subject: Asthma
  topic: keywords
subject: Cardiovascular diseases
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Zaid Salar
creator: Naila Ghafoor
creator: Arooba Farooq
creator: Quratulann Sattar
creator: Fizza Shoukat
creator: Khadija Javed
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Open Access Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-11
publication date: 2024-12-11
starting page: PID30
ending page: PID30