Prevention and Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is associated with various complications, and diabetic foot ulcers being one of the most severe and prevalent. These ulcers contribute significantly to hospitalizations and amputations, with a global incidence of approximately 15%. Risk factors for diabetic foot include neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, poor glycemic control, and previous foot ulcers. Early detection through regular foot examinations is crucial for preventing ulceration and amputation. The evaluations encompass several key areas, starting with a medical history review and general inspection, followed by a dermatological assessment. This is complemented by a musculoskeletal assessment, which focuses on detecting gross deformities. A neurological evaluation is also conducted using techniques such as monofilament testing and 128-Hz tuning forks. Finally, a vascular assessment is performed, including Ankle-brachial index with Doppler ultrasound.  Treatment involves a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach addressing both local foot issues and systemic factors, with the use of antibiotics, appropriate wound care, and sometimes surgical interventions. Effective management requires patient education, timely medical care, and proper foot care to reduce morbidity and improve outcomes.