A Review of the Development of Vaccines for Newly Developing Infectious Illnesses
Keywords:
COVID-19 Vaccines, Emerging Diseases, Global Health, Technology Platforms, VaccinesAbstract
The emergence and rapid spread of newly developing infectious illnesses, exemplified by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has highlighted the critical need for efficient vaccine development and deployment strategies. Historical and recent outbreaks, including dengue, cholera, typhoid, Ebola, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), demonstrate the persistent global vulnerability to emerging pathogens, exacerbated by urbanization, globalization, and inadequate public health infrastructures. Vaccine development faces numerous challenges, from virus surveillance and pharmacovigilance to ensuring equitable access, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Traditional vaccine development pathways, often spanning 5-10 years, are inadequate during pandemics, necessitating rapid-response platforms like mRNA and DNA technologies. The unprecedented speed of COVID-19 vaccine development, achieving initial efficacy trials within 300 days, reflects the success of collaborative global efforts, advanced platforms, and funding mechanisms such as CEPI and COVAX. Despite these advancements, hurdles remain in regulatory harmonization, manufacturing scalability, supply chain logistics, and vaccine acceptance. Lessons learned from COVID-19 emphasize the importance of flexible vaccine platforms, proactive investment in research and infrastructure, and global coordination to mitigate future pandemics. Vaccine-induced herd immunity, non-inferiority trials against approved vaccines, and considerations of equitable distribution are essential for comprehensive public health benefits. Standardizing labelling, tracking vaccine safety, and implementing no-fault compensation mechanisms are pivotal in fostering public trust. Ultimately, an integrated approach involving scientists, regulators, health authorities, and funders is imperative to streamline vaccine development and ensure timely and fair access in the face of evolving infectious threats
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